Volcanoes are one of the most powerful forces on Earth; their lava can destroy cities and their ash clouds can blot out the sun. And there is basically nothing we can do to make sure a volcano will never erupt again – except wait for it to die. So while we wait, what is it, exactly, that kills a volcano?
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
- Conduit: A channel or passageway through which magma travels from a magma chamber to the surface.
- Hotspot: A location on Earth's surface where molten rock rises from deep within the mantle, creating volcanoes independent of plate boundaries.
- Plume: A column of rising, hot air or gas, often associated with volcanic activity or hot spots.
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Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist
Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
Special thanks to Dr. Mike Cassidy of the University of Birmingham and Dr. David Kitchen of the University of Richmond
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REFERENCES
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Adam Mickiewicz Institute. (2021, May 12). Poland's little-known land of dormant volcanoes. Culture.pl. https://culture.pl/en/article/polands-little-known-land-of-dormant-volcanoes
Earle, S. (n.d.). Physical geology. BCcampus Open Education. https://ia801206.us.archive.org/30/items/PhysicalGeology/Physical-Geology.pdf
Earle, S. (2019). Physical geology (2nd ed., Chapter 4: Volcanism). BCcampus Open Education. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/wp-content/uploads/sites/298/2019/08/Physical-Geology-2nd-Edition-Chapter-4-Volcanism.pdf
Global Volcanism Program. (n.d.). Uturuncu [Volcano profile, No. 355838]. Smithsonian Institution. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=355838
Melosh, H. J. (2011). Volcanism. In Planetary surface processes (Cambridge Planetary Science, pp. 168–224). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977848.006
Mucek, A. E., et al (2017). Post-supereruption recovery at Toba Caldera. Nature Communications, 8, Article 15248. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15248
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2010, March 1). How did the Hawaiian Islands form? National Ocean Service. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/hawaii.html
National Park Service. (n.d.). How the tower formed. Devils Tower National Monument. https://www.nps.gov/deto/learn/nature/tower-formation.htm
Ferrante, G., et al (2024). Spatio-temporal evolution of rift volcanism controlled top-down by a deepening graben, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 629, 2024, 118593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118593
U.S. Geological Survey. (n.d.). Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/evolution-hawaiian-volcanoes
Uniwersytet Wrocławski. (2024, April 3). The Land of Extinct Volcanoes as a UNESCO World Geopark! https://uwr.edu.pl/en/the-land-of-extinct-volcanoes-as-a-unesco-world-geopark/